| Part | Terminology | Classifier | Definition |
|---|
| Head | 頭部 (tóu bù) | 個 (gè) | The uppermost part of the body, containing the brain, eyes, ears, nose, and mouth. |
| Neck | 脖子 (bó zi) | 個 (gè) | The part of the body that connects the head to the rest of the body. |
| Shoulder | 肩膀 (jiān bǎng) | 個 (gè) | The joint connecting the arm to the torso. |
| Arm | 手臂 (shǒu bì) | 隻 (zhī) | The upper limb, extending from the shoulder to the wrist. |
| Elbow | 肘部 (zhǒu bù) | 個 (gè) | The joint connecting the upper arm to the forearm. |
| Forearm | 前臂 (qián bì) | 隻 (zhī) | The portion of the arm between the elbow and wrist. |
| Wrist | 手腕 (shǒu wàn) | 隻 (zhī) | The joint connecting the hand to the forearm. |
| Hand | 手 (shǒu) | 隻 (zhī) | The part of the arm used for grasping and manipulating objects. |
| Chest | 胸部 (xiōng bù) | 個 (gè) | The front part of the torso, located between the neck and abdomen. |
| Breast | 胸部 (xiōng bù) | 個 (gè) | The chest region, particularly for women, where the mammary glands are located. |
| Abdomen | 腹部 (fù bù) | 個 (gè) | The area between the chest and the pelvis, containing digestive organs. |
| Back | 背部 (bèi bù) | 個 (gè) | The posterior part of the torso, opposite the chest. |
| Waist | 腰部 (yāo bù) | 個 (gè) | The part of the body between the ribs and the hips. |
| Hip | 臀部 (tún bù) | 個 (gè) | The region of the body that connects the torso to the legs. |
| Leg | 腿 (tuǐ) | 隻 (zhī) | The lower limb, extending from the hip to the foot. |
| Thigh | 大腿 (dà tuǐ) | 隻 (zhī) | The portion of the leg between the hip and the knee. |
| Calf | 小腿 (xiǎo tuǐ) | 隻 (zhī) | The lower portion of the leg between the knee and the ankle. |
| Knee | 膝蓋 (xī gài) | 個 (gè) | The joint connecting the thigh to the lower leg. |
| Ankle | 腳踝 (jiǎo huái) | 隻 (zhī) | The joint connecting the foot to the lower leg. |
| Foot | 腳 (jiǎo) | 隻 (zhī) | The lower part of the leg, used for standing, walking, and running. |
| Skin | 皮膚 (pí fū) | 層 (céng) | The outer protective layer of the body, covering muscles, bones, and organs. |
| Hair | 頭髮 (tóu fà) | 根 (gēn) | The strands that grow from the scalp, serving as protection and for body temperature regulation. |
| Part | Term + Pinyin | Classifier | Definition |
|---|
| Face | 臉 (liǎn) | 張 (zhāng) | The front part of the head, including the forehead, eyes, nose, mouth, and chin. |
| Forehead | 額頭 (é tóu) | 個 (gè) | The upper part of the face, above the eyebrows and below the hairline. |
| Eyebrow | 眉毛 (méi máo) | 條 (tiáo) | The strip of hair above the eyes. |
| Eye | 眼睛 (yǎn jīng) | 隻 (zhī) | The organ of sight located on the face. |
| Eyelash | 睫毛 (jié máo) | 根 (gēn) | The fine hair growing on the edge of the eyelids. |
| Eyelid | 眼皮 (yǎn pí) | 個 (gè) | The fold of skin that covers the eye when closed. |
| Nose | 鼻子 (bí zi) | 隻 (zhī) | The organ for breathing and smelling, located in the center of the face. |
| Nostrils | 鼻孔 (bí kǒng) | 對 (duì) | The two openings in the nose for air and smell intake. |
| Cheek | 臉頰 (liǎn jiá) | 個 (gè) | The fleshy part of the face below the eyes, on either side of the nose. |
| Mouth | 嘴巴 (zuǐ bā) | 個 (gè) | The opening on the face used for eating, speaking, and breathing. |
| Lip | 嘴唇 (zuǐ chún) | 個 (gè) | The soft, movable parts that form the mouth's opening. |
| Teeth | 牙齒 (yá chǐ) | 顆 (kē) | The hard structures in the mouth used for biting and chewing food. |
| Tongue | 舌頭 (shé tóu) | 個 (gè) | The muscle in the mouth used for tasting, swallowing, and speaking. |
| Chin | 下巴 (xià bā) | 個 (gè) | The lowermost part of the face, below the mouth. |
| Jaw | 下顎 (xià è) | 隻 (zhī) | The lower part of the face, containing the teeth and supporting the mouth. |
| Part | Term + Pinyin | Classifier | Definition |
|---|
| Mouth | 嘴巴 (zuǐ bā) | 個 (gè) | The opening in the face used for speaking, eating, and breathing. |
| Lips | 嘴唇 (zuǐ chún) | 對 (duì) | The soft, movable part of the mouth that forms the boundaries of the oral cavity. |
| Upper Lip | 上唇 (shàng chún) | 個 (gè) | The lip above the mouth, located just below the nose. |
| Lower Lip | 下唇 (xià chún) | 個 (gè) | The lip below the mouth, forms the lower boundary of the oral cavity. |
| Teeth | 牙齒 (yá chǐ) | 顆 (kē) | Hard structures in the mouth used for biting and chewing food. |
| Gums | 牙齦 (yá yín) | 個 (gè) | The soft tissue that surrounds and supports the teeth. |
| Tongue | 舌頭 (shé tóu) | 個 (gè) | A muscular organ in the mouth used for tasting, swallowing, and speaking. |
| Palate | 顎 (è) | 個 (gè) | The roof of the mouth, dividing the oral cavity from the nasal cavity. |
| Mouth Corner | 嘴角 (zuǐ jiǎo) | 個 (gè) | The point where the upper and lower lips meet at the sides of the mouth. |
| Cheeks | 臉頰 (liǎn jiá) | 對 (duì) | The soft areas of the face located to the left and right of the mouth. |
All fingers and toes use the 隻 (zhī) classifier.
| Part | Terminology | Definition |
|---|
| Fingers | 手指 (shǒu zhǐ) | The digits of the hand, used for fine manipulation and touch. |
| Toes | 腳趾 (jiǎo zhǐ) | The digits of the foot, used for balance and walking. |
| Thumb | 大拇指 (dà mǔ zhǐ) | The first digit of the hand, used for gripping and pinching. |
| Index Finger | 食指 (shí zhǐ) | The second digit of the hand, used for pointing and precise manipulation. |
| Middle Finger | 中指 (zhōng zhǐ) | The third digit of the hand, often the longest, used for gesture or grip. |
| Ring Finger | 無名指 (wú míng zhǐ) | The fourth digit of the hand, typically used for wearing rings. |
| Little Finger | 小拇指 (xiǎo mǔ zhǐ) | The fifth digit of the hand, smaller and used for grasping. |
| Big Toe | 大腳趾 (dà jiǎo zhǐ) | The first toe, located on the inside of the foot, helps with balance. |
| Second Toe | 第二腳趾 (dì èr jiǎo zhǐ) | The second toe, next to the big toe, plays a role in balance. |
| Third Toe | 第三腳趾 (dì sān jiǎo zhǐ) | The third toe, between the second and fourth toes, contributes to balance. |
| Fourth Toe | 第四腳趾 (dì sì jiǎo zhǐ) | The fourth toe, located next to the little toe, helps with stability. |
| Little Toe | 小腳趾 (xiǎo jiǎo zhǐ) | The fifth and smallest toe, aiding in balance and foot movement. |
| Nails | 指甲 (zhǐ jiǎ) | Hard coverings at the tips of fingers and toes, used for protection and manipulation. |
| Part | Terminology | Classifier | Definition |
|---|
| Skull | 頭骨 (tóu gǔ) | 個 (gè) | The bony structure forming the head, protecting the brain and supporting facial structures. |
| Mandible | 下頜骨 (xià hé gǔ) | 個 (gè) | The lower jawbone, crucial for chewing and speaking. |
| Clavicle | 鎖骨 (suǒ gǔ) | 根 (gēn) | The collarbone, connecting the sternum to the shoulders. |
| Scapula | 肩胛骨 (jiān jiǎ gǔ) | 塊 (kuài) | The shoulder blade, a flat bone that aids in arm movement. |
| Sternum | 胸骨 (xiōng gǔ) | 根 (gēn) | The breastbone, located in the center of the chest, connecting to the ribs. |
| Rib | 肋骨 (lèi gǔ) | 根 (gēn) | Curved bones that protect the chest cavity and support breathing. |
| Vertebra | 椎骨 (zhuī gǔ) | 節 (jié) | Individual bones that form the spine, protecting the spinal cord. |
| Pelvis | 骨盆 (gǔ pén) | 個 (gè) | A basin-shaped structure supporting the lower body and protecting pelvic organs. |
| Femur | 股骨 (gǔ gǔ) | 根 (gēn) | The thigh bone, the longest and strongest bone in the body. |
| Patella | 膝蓋骨 (xī gài gǔ) | 個 (gè) | The kneecap, protecting the knee joint and aiding in leg movement. |
| Tibia | 脛骨 (jìng gǔ) | 根 (gēn) | The shinbone, a key weight-bearing bone in the lower leg. |
| Fibula | 腓骨 (féi gǔ) | 根 (gēn) | The thinner bone in the lower leg, providing stability to the ankle. |
| Humerus | 肱骨 (gōng gǔ) | 根 (gēn) | The upper arm bone, connecting the shoulder to the elbow. |
| Radius | 橈骨 (ráo gǔ) | 根 (gēn) | The forearm bone on the thumb side, aiding in wrist rotation. |
| Ulna | 尺骨 (chǐ gǔ) | 根 (gēn) | The forearm bone on the pinky side, supporting the arm and wrist. |
| Carpals | 腕骨 (wàn gǔ) | 塊 (kuài) | The small bones forming the wrist, enabling flexibility and movement. |
| Metacarpals | 掌骨 (zhǎng gǔ) | 根 (gēn) | The bones in the hand connecting the wrist to the fingers. |
| Phalanges | 指骨 (zhǐ gǔ) | 節 (jié) | The bones of the fingers and toes. |
| Tarsals | 跗骨 (fū gǔ) | 塊 (kuài) | The small bones in the ankle, supporting foot movement. |
| Metatarsals | 蹠骨 (zhǐ gǔ) | 根 (gēn) | The long bones in the foot connecting the ankle to the toes. |
All teeth use the 顆 (kē) modifier.
| Part | Term + Pinyin | Definition |
|---|
| Upper Teeth | 上排牙齒 (shàng pái yá chǐ) | The teeth located in the upper jaw used for biting and chewing. |
| Lower Teeth | 下排牙齒 (xià pái yá chǐ) | The teeth located in the lower jaw used for biting and chewing. |
| Central Incisor | 中央切牙 (zhōng yāng qiē yá) | The frontmost teeth, used for cutting food. |
| Lateral Incisor | 側切牙 (cè qiē yá) | The teeth next to the central incisors, used for cutting food. |
| Canine (Cuspid) | 犬齒 (quǎn chǐ) | The pointed teeth next to the incisors, used for tearing food. |
| First Premolar | 第一前臼齒 (dì yī qián jiù chǐ) | The first flat-topped tooth behind the canine, used for grinding food. |
| Second Premolar | 第二前臼齒 (dì èr qián jiù chǐ) | The second flat-topped tooth behind the first premolar, used for grinding food. |
| First Molar | 第一臼齒 (dì yī jiù chǐ) | The first large flat tooth at the back of the mouth, used for grinding food. |
| Second Molar | 第二臼齒 (dì èr jiù chǐ) | The second large flat tooth at the back of the mouth, used for grinding food. |
| Third Molar (Wisdom Tooth) | 第三臼齒 (dì sān jiù chǐ) | The third molar, often referred to as the wisdom tooth, located at the back of the mouth. |
| Milk Teeth (Baby Teeth) | 乳牙 (rǔ yá) | The first set of teeth that children grow, which are eventually replaced by permanent teeth. |
| Front Teeth (Incisors) | 門牙 (mén yá) | The front teeth used for biting and cutting food. |
| Upper Front Teeth | 上排門牙 (shàng pái mén yá) | The front teeth in the upper jaw, used for biting and cutting food. |
| Lower Front Teeth | 下排門牙 (xià pái mén yá) | The front teeth in the lower jaw, used for biting and cutting food. |
| Part | Terminology | Classifier | Definition |
|---|
| Biceps | 肱二頭肌 (gōng èr tóu jī) | 塊 (kuài) | The muscle at the front of the upper arm, responsible for flexing the elbow. |
| Triceps | 肱三頭肌 (gōng sān tóu jī) | 塊 (kuài) | The muscle at the back of the upper arm, responsible for extending the elbow. |
| Deltoid | 三角肌 (sān jiǎo jī) | 塊 (kuài) | The shoulder muscle responsible for lifting the arm and shoulder movement. |
| Pectoralis Major | 胸大肌 (xiōng dà jī) | 塊 (kuài) | The large chest muscle responsible for arm flexion and adduction. |
| Pectoralis Minor | 胸小肌 (xiōng xiǎo jī) | 塊 (kuài) | The small muscle under the pectoralis major, aiding in shoulder movement. |
| Rectus Abdominis | 腹直肌 (fù zhí jī) | 塊 (kuài) | The abdominal muscle, also known as the 'six-pack,' responsible for flexing the spine. |
| External Obliques | 腹外斜肌 (fù wài xié jī) | 塊 (kuài) | Muscles on the sides of the abdomen that aid in twisting and bending the torso. |
| Latissimus Dorsi | 背闊肌 (bèi kuò jī) | 塊 (kuài) | The broad back muscle responsible for arm extension and adduction. |
| Trapezius | 斜方肌 (xié fāng jī) | 塊 (kuài) | The muscle spanning the upper back and neck, responsible for scapular movement. |
| Gluteus Maximus | 臀大肌 (tún dà jī) | 塊 (kuài) | The largest buttock muscle responsible for hip extension and external rotation. |
| Quadriceps | 股四頭肌 (gǔ sì tóu jī) | 塊 (kuài) | The group of muscles at the front of the thigh, responsible for knee extension. |
| Hamstrings | 腿後肌群 (tuǐ hòu jī qún) | 組 (zǔ) | The group of muscles at the back of the thigh, responsible for knee flexion and hip extension. |
| Gastrocnemius | 腓腸肌 (féi cháng jī) | 塊 (kuài) | The calf muscle that helps in plantar flexing the foot and bending the knee. |
| Soleus | 比目魚肌 (bǐ mù yú jī) | 塊 (kuài) | The muscle under the gastrocnemius that aids in plantar flexion of the foot. |
| Sternocleidomastoid | 胸鎖乳突肌 (xiōng suǒ rǔ tū jī) | 條 (tiáo) | The neck muscle that rotates and flexes the head. |
| Orbicularis Oculi | 眼輪匝肌 (yǎn lún zā jī) | 塊 (kuài) | The circular muscle around the eye, responsible for closing the eyelids. |
| Masseter | 咬肌 (yǎo jī) | 塊 (kuài) | The jaw muscle responsible for chewing and closing the mouth. |
| Temporalis | 顳肌 (niè jī) | 塊 (kuài) | The temple muscle aiding in chewing and jaw movement. |
| Diaphragm | 橫膈膜 (héng gé mó) | 個 (gè) | The muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdomen, responsible for breathing. |
| Intercostal Muscles | 肋間肌 (lèi jiān jī) | 組 (zǔ) | Muscles between the ribs that assist in breathing by expanding and contracting the chest. |
| Forearm Flexors | 前臂屈肌群 (qián bì qū jī qún) | 組 (zǔ) | Muscles that allow wrist and finger flexion. |
| Forearm Extensors | 前臂伸肌群 (qián bì shēn jī qún) | 組 (zǔ) | Muscles that allow wrist and finger extension. |
| Adductors | 內收肌群 (nèi shōu jī qún) | 組 (zǔ) | Muscles on the inner thigh responsible for leg adduction. |
| Abductors | 外展肌群 (wài zhǎn jī qún) | 組 (zǔ) | Muscles on the outer thigh responsible for leg abduction. |
| Part | Terminology | Classifier | Definition |
|---|
| Heart | 心臟 (xīn zàng) | 個 (gè) | A muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body, supplying oxygen and nutrients. |
| Lungs | 肺臟 (fèi zàng) | 對 (duì) | The pair of organs responsible for gas exchange, taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide. |
| Liver | 肝臟 (gān zàng) | 個 (gè) | An organ that processes nutrients, detoxifies harmful substances, and produces bile. |
| Kidneys | 腎臟 (shèn zàng) | 對 (duì) | A pair of organs that filter blood, removing waste and excess substances to produce urine. |
| Stomach | 胃 (wèi) | 個 (gè) | A muscular organ that breaks down food using acids and enzymes for digestion. |
| Small Intestine | 小腸 (xiǎo cháng) | 段 (duàn) | A long, coiled tube where most of the digestion and absorption of nutrients occur. |
| Large Intestine | 大腸 (dà cháng) | 段 (duàn) | The organ responsible for absorbing water and forming stool from undigested food. |
| Pancreas | 胰臟 (yí zàng) | 個 (gè) | An organ that produces digestive enzymes and insulin, helping to regulate blood sugar. |
| Spleen | 脾臟 (pí zàng) | 個 (gè) | An organ involved in filtering blood, recycling iron, and managing the immune system. |
| Bladder | 膀胱 (páng guāng) | 個 (gè) | A muscular sac that stores urine before it is excreted. |
| Esophagus | 食道 (shí dào) | 個 (gè) | A tube that connects the mouth to the stomach, transporting food through peristalsis. |
| Gallbladder | 膽囊 (dǎn náng) | 個 (gè) | A small organ that stores and concentrates bile, releasing it into the small intestine to aid digestion. |
| Rectum | 直腸 (zhí cháng) | 個 (gè) | The final section of the large intestine, where stool is stored before being eliminated. |
| Appendix | 闌尾 (lán wěi) | 個 (gè) | A small, finger-like organ attached to the large intestine, whose function is still not entirely understood. |
| Thyroid Gland | 甲狀腺 (jiǎ zhuàng xiàn) | 個 (gè) | A gland in the neck that produces hormones regulating metabolism and growth. |
| Adrenal Glands | 腎上腺 (shèn shàng xiàn) | 對 (duì) | Glands that sit on top of the kidneys, producing hormones like adrenaline and cortisol for stress responses. |
| Reproductive Organs | 生殖器官 (shēng zhí qì guān) | 組 (zǔ) | Organs involved in reproduction, such as the ovaries and testes. |
| Pituitary Gland | 腦垂體 (nǎo chuí tǐ) | 個 (gè) | A small gland in the brain that controls other glands and regulates growth, metabolism, and reproduction. |
| Bone Marrow | 骨髓 (gǔ suǐ) | 個 (gè) | The spongy tissue inside bones that produces blood cells. |
| Coronary Arteries | 冠狀動脈 (guān zhuàng dòng mài) | 對 (duì) | Arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle. |
| Trachea | 氣管 (qì guǎn) | 條 (tiáo) | The windpipe that connects the larynx to the bronchi, allowing air to flow to the lungs. |
| Diaphragm | 橫隔膜 (héng gé mó) | 個 (gè) | A large muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen and plays a key role in breathing. |
| Vagus Nerve | 迷走神經 (mí zǒu shén jīng) | 條 (tiáo) | A cranial nerve that controls many internal organs, including the heart, lungs, and digestive tract. |
| Part | Terminology | Classifier | Definition |
|---|
| Brain | 大腦 (dà nǎo) | 個 (gè) | The central organ of the nervous system, responsible for processing information, thought, and control of body functions. |
| Spinal Cord | 脊髓 (jǐ suǐ) | 條 (tiáo) | The cylindrical structure that transmits signals between the brain and the body. |
| Cerebrum | 大腦半球 (dà nǎo bàn qiú) | 對 (duì) | The largest part of the brain, responsible for voluntary actions, sensation, and higher brain functions. |
| Cerebellum | 小腦 (xiǎo nǎo) | 個 (gè) | The part of the brain that coordinates movement and balance. |
| Medulla Oblongata | 延髓 (yán suǐ) | 個 (gè) | The lower part of the brainstem controlling involuntary functions like breathing and heart rate. |
| Thalamus | 丘腦 (qiū nǎo) | 個 (gè) | A brain structure that relays sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex. |
| Hypothalamus | 下丘腦 (xià qiū nǎo) | 個 (gè) | A small region of the brain that regulates hormones and basic bodily functions like temperature and hunger. |
| Pituitary Gland | 腦垂體 (nǎo chuí tǐ) | 個 (gè) | The master endocrine gland controlling growth, metabolism, and other hormonal functions. |
| Peripheral Nerves | 周圍神經 (zhōu wéi shén jīng) | 條 (tiáo) | Nerves that connect the central nervous system to the limbs and organs. |
| Cranial Nerves | 顱神經 (lú shén jīng) | 組 (zǔ) | Twelve pairs of nerves originating from the brain, responsible for sensory and motor functions. |
| Optic Nerve | 視神經 (shì shén jīng) | 條 (tiáo) | A nerve that transmits visual information from the eyes to the brain. |
| Auditory Nerve | 聽神經 (tīng shén jīng) | 條 (tiáo) | A nerve that carries sound and balance information from the inner ear to the brain. |
| Spinal Nerves | 脊神經 (jǐ shén jīng) | 組 (zǔ) | Nerves branching from the spinal cord to transmit signals to and from the body. |
| Sympathetic Nervous System | 交感神經系統 (jiāo gǎn shén jīng xì tǒng) | 個 (gè) | Part of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for stress or action. |
| Parasympathetic Nervous System | 副交感神經系統 (fù jiāo gǎn shén jīng xì tǒng) | 個 (gè) | Part of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body and conserves energy. |
| Autonomic Nervous System | 自主神經系統 (zì zhǔ shén jīng xì tǒng) | 個 (gè) | A division of the nervous system controlling involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion. |
| Somatic Nervous System | 體神經系統 (tǐ shén jīng xì tǒng) | 個 (gè) | Part of the nervous system responsible for voluntary control of body movements. |
| Sensory Neurons | 感覺神經元 (gǎn jué shén jīng yuán) | 個 (gè) | Neurons that carry sensory information from the body to the brain and spinal cord. |
| Motor Neurons | 運動神經元 (yùn dòng shén jīng yuán) | 個 (gè) | Neurons that carry instructions from the brain and spinal cord to muscles. |
| Interneurons | 中間神經元 (zhōng jiān shén jīng yuán) | 個 (gè) | Neurons that connect sensory and motor neurons within the central nervous system. |
| Dendrites | 樹突 (shù tū) | 個 (gè) | The branching structures of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons. |
| Axon | 軸突 (zhóu tū) | 條 (tiáo) | The elongated part of a neuron that transmits signals to other neurons or muscles. |
| Synapse | 突觸 (tū chù) | 個 (gè) | The junction between two neurons where signals are transmitted. |
| Myelin Sheath | 髓鞘 (suǐ qiào) | 層 (céng) | The insulating layer around axons that speeds up signal transmission. |
| Node of Ranvier | 蘭氏結 (lán shì jié) | 個 (gè) | Gaps in the myelin sheath that facilitate rapid signal transmission along the axon. |
| Glial Cells | 神經膠細胞 (shén jīng jiāo xì bāo) | 組 (zǔ) | Support cells in the nervous system that protect and maintain neurons. |