Mammal List - 哺乳動物表

This "Mammals" list (哺乳动物表 | 哺乳動物表, bǔ rǔ dòng wù biǎo) is a comprehensive classification of mammals, encompassing a wide variety of species across different orders and suborders. Mammals are characterized by features such as having hair or fur (毛发 | 毛髮, máo fà) and being warm-blooded (温血 | 溫血, wēn xuè), with most giving birth to live young (胎生 | 胎生, tāi shēng) and providing milk to nourish their offspring (哺乳 | 哺乳, bǔ rǔ). This list includes major groups such as placental mammals (胎盘目 | 胎盤目, tāi pán mù), marsupials (有袋目 | 有袋目, yǒu dài mù), and monotremes (单孔目 | 單孔目, dān kǒng mù). It also highlights various species from a vast range of habitats (栖息地 | 棲息地, qī xī dì), such as terrestrial, aquatic, and arboreal environments. The list reflects the incredible diversity of mammalian life, showcasing both well-known species like humans (人类 | 人類, rén lèi) and tigers (老虎 | 老虎, lǎo hǔ), and lesser-known animals like the platypus (鸭嘴兽 | 鴨嘴獸, yā zuǐ shòu).

Related Terms - 相關術語

• Kingdom (界 | 界, jiè) - The broadest category in the biological classification system, grouping all living organisms into major groups (e.g., Animalia, Plantae, Fungi).
• Phylum (门 | 門, mèn) - A higher taxonomic rank below Kingdom. It groups organisms based on major body plans and structural features (e.g., Chordata for vertebrates, Arthropoda for insects).
• Class (纲 | 綱, gāng) - A taxonomic rank below phylum and above order. It groups animals with shared characteristics (e.g., Mammalia for mammals, Aves for birds).
• Order (目 | 目, mù) - A taxonomic rank below class, grouping species with similar traits (e.g., Carnivora for carnivorous mammals, Cetacea for whales and dolphins).
• Family (科 | 科, kē) - A taxonomic rank below order, grouping related species (e.g., Canidae for dogs, Felidae for cats).
• Genus (属 | 屬, shǔ) - A taxonomic rank below family and above species. A genus includes one or more species that are closely related (e.g., Panthera for big cats, Canis for dogs).
• Species (种 | 種, zhǒng) - The most specific level of classification, representing individuals that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring (e.g., Homo sapiens for humans, Panthera leo for lions).
• Taxonomy (分类学 | 分類學, fēn lèi xué) - The science of classifying organisms into hierarchical categories based on shared characteristics.
• Morphology (形态学 | 形態學, xíng tài xué) - The study of the form and structure of animals, including body parts and their relationships to each other.
• Phylogeny (系统发生 | 系統發生, xì tǒng fā shēng) - The evolutionary history of an organism or group of organisms, illustrating their relationships based on genetic, morphological, and fossil evidence.
• Biodiversity (生物多样性 | 生物多樣性, shēng wù duō yàng xìng) - The variety of life forms in a given ecosystem, region, or on Earth as a whole, including species, genetic, and ecosystem diversity.
• Endothermic (恒温动物 | 恆溫動物, héng wēn dòng wù) - Animals that can regulate their body temperature internally, typically warm-blooded (e.g., mammals, birds).
• Ectothermic (变温动物 | 變溫動物, biàn wēn dòng wù) - Animals whose body temperature depends on external environmental conditions, typically cold-blooded (e.g., reptiles, amphibians).
• Metamorphosis (变态发育 | 變態發育, biàn tài fā yù) - The process of transformation from an immature form (larva or nymph) to an adult, seen in insects, amphibians, and some other animals.
• Invertebrate (无脊椎动物 | 無脊椎動物, wú jǐ zhuī dòng wù) - Animals without a backbone or vertebral column (e.g., insects, mollusks, arachnids).
• Vertebrate (脊椎动物 | 脊椎動物, jǐ zhuī dòng wù) - Animals with a backbone or spinal column (e.g., mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish).
• Herbivorous (食草性 | 食草性, shí cǎo xìng) - Animals that primarily eat plants.
• Carnivorous (食肉性 | 食肉性, shí ròu xìng) - Animals that primarily eat other animals.
• Omnivorous (杂食性 | 雜食性, zá shí xìng) - Animals that eat both plants and animals.
• Carnivory (食肉性 | 食肉性, shí ròu xìng) - A dietary strategy where an organism primarily consumes meat or other animals.
• Herbivory (食草性 | 食草性, shí cǎo xìng) - A dietary strategy where an organism primarily consumes plant material.
• Predator (掠食者 | 掠食者, luè shí zhě) - An animal that hunts, kills, and consumes other animals.
• Prey (猎物 | 獵物, liè wù) - An animal that is hunted and consumed by a predator.
• Symbiosis (共生 | 共生, gòng shēng) - A relationship between two different species where at least one benefits, and the other may benefit, be harmed, or remain unaffected.
• Ecology (生态学 | 生態學, shēng tài xué) - The study of interactions between organisms and their environment, including their behavior, distribution, and population dynamics.
• Adaptation (适应 | 適應, shì yìng) - A trait or characteristic that enhances an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.
• Extinct (灭绝 | 滅絕, miè jué) - A species that no longer exists, having died out completely.
• Endangered (濒危 | 濒危, bīn wēi) - A species at risk of becoming extinct in the near future.
• Conservation (保护 | 保護, bǎo hù) - Efforts to preserve, protect, and restore biodiversity, particularly focusing on species at risk.
• Behavioral Ecology (行为生态学 | 行為生態學, xíng wéi shēng tài xué) - The study of the evolutionary and ecological basis of animal behavior.
• Niche (生态位 | 生態位, shēng tài wèi) - The role and function of an organism within an ecosystem, including its interactions with other species and its environment.

Placental Mammals - 胎盤目

Placental Mammals (胎盘目 | 胎盤目, tāi pán mù) are a diverse group of mammals characterized by their method of reproduction, where the developing embryo is nourished via a placenta (胎盘 | 胎盤, tāi pán) inside the mother's womb. This group includes a wide range of species, from elephants to rodents, and is distinguished by their complex reproductive system (复杂生殖系统 | 複雜生殖系統, fù zá shēng zhí xì tǒng). Placental mammals are typically viviparous (胎生 | 胎生, tāi shēng), giving birth to live young, with some species, like bats, capable of flight (飞行能力 | 飛行能力, fēi xíng néng lì). They exhibit a variety of diets (食性多样 | 食性多樣, shí xìng duō yàng), ranging from herbivores to carnivores and omnivores. Their cognitive abilities (认知能力 | 認知能力, rèn zhī néng lì) and social behaviors (社交行为 | 社交行為, shè jiāo xíng wéi) are also highly developed, with some species forming intricate family structures and even advanced communication systems (沟通系统 | 溝通系統, gōu tōng xì tǒng). Placental mammals are found in almost every habitat (栖息地 | 棲息地, qī xī dì), from the deepest oceans to the highest mountains.

Primates - 靈長目

Primates (灵长目 | 靈長目, líng zhǎng mù) are an order of mammals renowned for their high intelligence (高智商 | 高智商, gāo zhì shāng) and complex social structures (复杂社交结构 | 複雜社交結構, fù zá shè jiāo jié gòu). This group includes humans, apes, monkeys, and lemurs, all characterized by their opposable thumbs (对握手指 | 對握手指, duì wò shǒu zhǐ), forward-facing eyes (前向眼睛 | 前向眼睛, qián xiàng yǎn jīng), and highly developed brains (发达大脑 | 發達大腦, fā dá dà nǎo). Primates are mostly arboreal (树栖 | 樹棲, shù qī) or semi-arboreal, though some species, like humans, have adapted to terrestrial living (陆生 | 陸生, lù shēng). Their diet is primarily omnivorous (杂食性 | 雜食性, zá shí xìng), with some species specializing in fruits, insects, or leaves. Social behaviors in primates vary widely (社交行为 | 社交行為, shè jiāo xíng wéi), with many species living in large, intricate groups and showing strong maternal bonds (母性关怀 | 母性關懷, mǔ xìng guān huái).

Carnivora - 食肉目

Carnivora (食肉目 | 食肉目, shí ròu mù) is an order of mammals known for their meat-based diet (食肉性 | 食肉性, shí ròu xìng) and specialized adaptations for hunting, scavenging, and feeding on animal flesh. This group includes iconic predators like lions (狮子 | 獅子, shī zi), tigers (老虎 | 老虎, lǎo hǔ), and wolves (狼 | 狼, láng), as well as scavengers like hyenas (土狼 | 土狼, tǔ láng) and jackals (豺 | 豺, chái). Carnivores typically possess sharp teeth (锋利牙齿 | 鋒利牙齒, fēng lì yá chǐ) and claws (锐利爪子 | 銳利爪子, ruì lì zhuǎ zi) for tearing meat, and a highly developed sense of smell (嗅觉 | 嗅覺, xiù jué) to locate prey. They exhibit various hunting strategies, from solitary hunting in species like cheetahs (猎豹 | 獵豹, liè bào) to cooperative pack hunting in species like wolves. While most carnivores primarily eat meat, some, like raccoons (浣熊 | 濱狸, huàn xióng), are opportunistic omnivores (杂食性 | 雜食性, zá shí xìng). Carnivores are often territorial (领土性 | 領土性, lǐng tǔ xìng) and display complex social behaviors (社交行为 | 社交行為, shè jiāo xíng wéi), with many forming tight-knit family units or packs for protection and hunting efficiency.

Feliformia - 猫型亚目

Filiformia (细犬亚目 | 細犬亞目, xì quǎn yà mù) is a suborder of carnivorous mammals characterized by their slender body shapes and specialized features for hunting and survival. This group includes animals like civets and mongooses, known for their agility (敏捷性 | 敏捷性, mǐn jié xìng) and ability to navigate complex environments (复杂环境 | 複雜環境, fù zá huán jìng). Filiforms often have sharp claws and teeth (锐利爪牙 | 銳利爪牙, ruì lì zhǎo yá) suited for catching prey and a keen sense of sight (视力 | 視力, shì lì). They are adaptable to various habitats (栖息地 | 棲息地, qī xī dì), from tropical forests to arid regions. Many species are omnivorous (杂食性 | 雜食性, zá shí xìng), while others have more specialized diets, often focusing on small animals or fruits. Filiforms also exhibit complex social structures (社交结构 | 社交結構, shè jiāo jié gòu) and territorial behaviors (领土行为 | 領土行為, lǐng tǔ xíng wéi), with some species forming tight-knit family groups (家庭群体 | 家庭群體, jiā tíng qún tǐ).

Caniformia - 犬型亚目

Caniformia (犬型亚目 | 犬型亞目, quǎn xíng yà mù) is a suborder of carnivorous mammals known for their diverse range of species with sharp teeth and claws adapted for hunting and scavenging (清理食物残渣 | 清零食物殘渣, qīng lǐ shí wù cán zhā). This group includes animals like wolves and foxes, which are known for their social structures (社交结构, shè jiāo jié gòu) and territorial behaviors (领土行为 | 領土行爲, lǐng tǔ xíng wéi). Caniforms typically have a keen sense of smell (嗅觉 | 嗅覺, xiù jué) and are highly adaptable to various habitats (栖息地, qī xī dì), from forests to urban areas. Their diet is often omnivorous (杂食性 | 雜食性, zá shí xìng), with some species, like bears (熊 | 熊, xióng), having a mixed diet that includes both plants and animals. Caniforms are also known for their ability to form complex social groups (社交群体 | 社交群體, shè jiāo qún tǐ), and many species display strong maternal care (母性关怀, mǔ xìng guān huái).

Cetacea - 鯨目

Cetacea (鲸目 | 鯨目, jīng mù) is an order of fully aquatic mammals that includes whales (鲸鱼 | 鯨魚, jīng yú), dolphins (海豚 | 海豚, hǎi tún), and porpoises (鼠海豚 | 鼠海豚, shǔ hǎi tún). These animals are highly adapted to life in the water, with streamlined bodies (流线型 | 流線型, liú xiàn xíng) and powerful tails (尾巴 | 尾巴, wěi ba) used for propulsion. Cetaceans are warm-blooded (温血 | 溫血, wēn xuè), air-breathing (呼吸 | 呼吸, hū xī) mammals that surface periodically to inhale air through their blowholes (喷水孔 | 噴水孔, pēn shuǐ kǒng). Their diet primarily consists of fish (鱼类 | 魚類, yú lèi) and squid (乌贼 | 烏賊, wū zéi), though some larger species, like baleen whales (须鲸 | 須鯨, xū jīng), filter feed by using baleen plates to strain tiny organisms from the water. Cetaceans are known for their high intelligence (高智商 | 高智商, gāo zhì shāng), complex social structures (社交结构 | 社交結構, shè jiāo jié gòu), and communication abilities (交流能力 | 交流能力, jiāo liú néng lì), with species like dolphins displaying sophisticated vocalizations and cooperative hunting techniques. They inhabit a wide range of marine environments (海洋环境 | 海洋環境, hǎi yáng huán jìng), from coastal waters to the deep ocean.

Rodentia - 齧齒目

Chiroptera - 翼手目

Chiroptera (翼手目 | 翼手目, yì shǒu mù) is an order of mammals that includes bats (蝙蝠 | 蝙蝠, biān fú), the only group of mammals capable of sustained flight (飞行 | 飛行, fēi xíng). Bats have highly adapted wings (翼 | 翼, yì) formed from a membrane of skin stretched between elongated finger bones, allowing them to maneuver through the air with precision. Most bats are insectivorous (食虫性 | 食蟲性, shí chóng xìng), using echolocation (回声定位 | 回聲定位, huí shēng dìng wèi) to navigate and hunt prey in the dark. However, some species, like fruit bats (果蝠 | 果蝠, guǒ fú), feed on fruits (水果 | 水果, shuǐ guǒ) and nectar. Bats are nocturnal (夜行性 | 夜行性, yè xíng xìng), often roosting in caves (洞穴 | 洞穴, dòng xué) or trees during the day and emerging at dusk to feed. Their role in ecosystems is vital, especially in pest control (害虫控制 | 害蟲控制, hài chóng kòng zhì) and pollination (授粉 | 授粉, shòu fěn), making them an important part of the food chain. Chiropterans are also known for their high reproductive rate (繁殖速度 | 繁殖速度, fán zhí sù dù) and strong social behaviors, with some species forming large colonies (群体 | 群體, qún tǐ).

Ungulata - 有蹄目

Ungulata (有蹄目 | 有蹄目, yǒu tí mù) is an order of mammals characterized by the presence of hooves (蹄 | 蹄, tí), which are adaptations for running and grazing on a variety of terrains. This group includes both even-toed (偶蹄类 | 偶蹄類, ǒu tí lèi) and odd-toed (奇蹄类 | 奇蹄類, jī tí lèi) ungulates, such as horses (马 | 馬, mǎ), deer (鹿 | 鹿, lù), and cattle (牛 | 牛, niú). Ungulates are primarily herbivorous (食草性 | 食草性, shí cǎo xìng), feeding on grass (草 | 草, cǎo) and other vegetation. Their digestive systems (消化系统 | 消化系統, xiāo huà xì tǒng) are adapted to process large amounts of plant matter efficiently, often with specialized stomachs, such as those of ruminants (反刍动物 | 反芻動物, fǎn chú dòng wù) like cows. Ungulates are known for their speed (速度 | 速度, sù dù) and agility (敏捷性 | 敏捷性, mǐn jié xìng), with some species, like antelopes (羚羊 | 羚羊, líng yáng), capable of fast running to escape predators. They are highly social animals (社交行为 | 社交行為, shè jiāo xíng wéi), with species like elephants (大象 | 大象, dà xiàng) forming complex herds. Ungulates are found across a wide range of habitats (栖息地 | 棲息地, qī xī dì), from grasslands to forests, and are vital to many ecosystems, particularly as prey species and as grazers that shape the environment.

Lagomorpha - 兔形目

Lagomorpha (兔形目 | 兔形目, tù xíng mù) is an order of small to medium-sized mammals that includes rabbits (兔 | 兔, tù), hares (野兔 | 野兔, yě tù), and pikas (鼯鼠 | 鼯鼠, wú shǔ). These animals are characterized by their strong hind legs (后腿 | 後腿, hòu tuǐ), which are adapted for rapid movement and jumping (跳跃 | 跳躍, tiào yuè). Lagomorphs are herbivorous (食草性 | 食草性, shí cǎo xìng), feeding primarily on grasses (草 | 草, cǎo), leaves (叶子 | 葉子, yè zi), and other plant materials. They possess a unique dental structure (牙齿 | 牙齒, yá chǐ) with four incisors in the upper jaw, which allows them to efficiently gnaw on plants. Lagomorphs are known for their high reproductive rates (繁殖能力 | 繁殖能力, fán zhí néng lì), with many species capable of producing multiple litters of offspring each year. These animals are generally nocturnal or crepuscular (夜行性 | 夜行性, yè xíng xìng), using their speed and agility to avoid predators. They are found in a wide range of habitats (栖息地 | 棲息地, qī xī dì), including meadows, forests, and mountain regions, and play a significant ecological role (生态作用 | 生態作用, shēng tài zuò yòng) as prey species and as contributors to the plant life cycle through their grazing habits.

Perissodactyla - 奇蹄目

Perissodactyla (奇蹄目 | 奇蹄目, jī tí mù) is an order of mammals known for their odd number of toes (奇数蹄 | 奇數蹄, jī shù tí) on each foot, including animals like horses (马 | 馬, mǎ), rhinoceroses (犀牛 | 犀牛, xī niú), and tapirs (貘 | 貘, mò). Perissodactyls are typically large, herbivorous (食草性 | 食草性, shí cǎo xìng) animals that graze on grasses (草 | 草, cǎo) and other vegetation, with specialized digestive systems (消化系统 | 消化系統, xiāo huà xì tǒng) to process tough plant material efficiently. These animals are well-adapted for running (奔跑 | 奔跑, bēn pǎo) and have strong, muscular limbs with hoof-like structures (蹄 | 蹄, tí) that provide stability and speed. Unlike even-toed ungulates, perissodactyls typically have three toes on each foot, though the number can vary slightly across species. Their behavior (行为 | 行為, xíng wéi) often includes social groupings, as seen in species like horses, which form herds (群体 | 群體, qún tǐ) for protection and cooperation. Perissodactyls are found across a wide range of habitats (栖息地 | 棲息地, qī xī dì), from grasslands to forests, and play important roles in shaping ecosystems through their grazing activities.

Artiodactyla - 偶蹄目

Artiodactyla (偶蹄目 | 偶蹄目, ǒu tí mù) is an order of mammals characterized by having an even number of toes (偶数蹄 | 偶數蹄, ǒu shù tí) on each foot. This group includes a diverse range of animals such as deer (鹿 | 鹿, lù), cattle (牛 | 牛, niú), giraffes (长颈鹿 | 長頸鹿, cháng jǐng lù), pigs (猪 | 豬, zhū), and camels (骆驼 | 駱駝, luò tuó). Artiodactyls are mostly herbivorous (食草性 | 食草性, shí cǎo xìng), feeding on grasses (草 | 草, cǎo), leaves (叶子 | 葉子, yè zi), and shrubs, though some, like pigs, may also consume a variety of other foods. Their digestive systems (消化系统 | 消化系統, xiāo huà xì tǒng) are often specialized for efficiently processing plant matter, with ruminants (反刍动物 | 反芻動物, fǎn chú dòng wù) such as cows having a multi-chambered stomach for fermentation and digestion. Artiodactyls are found across various environments (栖息地 | 棲息地, qī xī dì), including grasslands, forests, and deserts, and play crucial ecological roles (生态作用 | 生態作用, shēng tài zuò yòng), such as shaping vegetation through grazing and serving as prey for predators. These animals often form complex social structures (社交结构 | 社交結構, shè jiāo jié gòu) in herds, with some species displaying cooperative behaviors for survival.

Marsupials - 有袋目

Marsupials (有袋目 | 有袋目, yǒu dài mù) are a group of mammals that are primarily characterized by giving birth to underdeveloped young, which then continue to develop in a pouch (育儿袋 | 育兒袋, yù ér dài) on the mother's belly. This group includes iconic animals such as kangaroos (袋鼠 | 袋鼠, dài shǔ), koalas (考拉 | 考拉, kǎo lā), and wombats (袋熊 | 袋熊, dài xióng). Marsupials are found mainly in Australia (澳大利亚 | 澳大利亞, ào dà lì yà) and nearby regions, with a few species in the Americas (美洲 | 美洲, měi zhōu). They are typically herbivorous (食草性 | 食草性, shí cǎo xìng) or omnivorous (杂食性 | 雜食性, zá shí xìng), feeding on plants (植物 | 植物, zhí wù), small animals, and insects (昆虫 | 昆蟲, kūn chóng). Marsupials are known for their unique reproductive strategies (繁殖策略 | 繁殖策略, fán zhí cè lüè), which include short gestation periods (妊娠期 | 妊娠期, rèn shēn qī) followed by prolonged nursing in the pouch. They often have specialized adaptations (适应性 | 適應性, shì yìng xìng) to their environments (栖息地 | 棲息地, qī xī dì), with kangaroos being adapted to life in open grasslands and koalas to the eucalyptus forests. Many marsupials are known for their solitary or semi-social behaviors (社交行为 | 社交行為, shè jiāo xíng wéi), and they play important ecological roles (生态作用 | 生態作用, shēng tài zuò yòng), particularly in their native habitats.

Monotremes - 單孔目

Monotremes (單孔目 | 單孔目, dān kǒng mù) are a unique group of egg-laying mammals, consisting of only five extant species: the platypus (鸭嘴兽 | 鴨嘴獸, yā zuǐ shòu) and four species of echidnas (针鼹 | 針鼴, zhēn yǎn). These mammals are distinguished by their reproductive method (繁殖方式 | 繁殖方式, fán zhí fāng shì), where females lay eggs (蛋 | 蛋, dàn) instead of giving birth to live young, a characteristic not found in most other mammals. Monotremes possess a unique combination of traits (特征 | 特徵, tè zhēng), such as having a single opening (单孔 | 單孔, dān kǒng) for excretion and reproduction, unlike other mammals that have separate openings. They also lack teats (乳头 | 乳頭, rǔ tóu) and secrete milk through openings in the skin. Monotremes are generally small (体型 | 體型, tǐ xíng) and have specialized adaptations (适应性 | 適應性, shì yìng xìng) for their environments, with the platypus being semi-aquatic and echidnas adapted to burrowing and feeding on ants and termites (蚂蚁 | 螞蟻, mǎ yǐ). These mammals are found primarily in Australia (澳大利亚 | 澳大利亞, ào dà lì yà) and New Guinea (巴布亚新几内亚 | 巴布亞新幾內亞, bā bù yà xīn jǐ nèi yà), and though they are considered primitive, they play important ecological roles (生态作用 | 生態作用, shēng tài zuò yòng) in their ecosystems.